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家庭是孩子學習情緒能力最重要的開始,父母更是孩子最重要的情緒教練。面對孩子的情緒,父母最常見以下幾種不該做的事……
圖片來源:Mith Huang @ Flickr
父母扮演情緒教練的孩子,比較有能力處理自己的情緒,挫折忍受度高,社交能力和學業表現也比較傑出。提高孩子的情緒能力,已成了現代父母的必修課。面對孩子的情緒,父母最常見的反應是:
1. 以暴制暴:「再鬧,就給我試試看!」「不乖就把你趕出門」之類的嚴懲、恐嚇和威脅話語,不但會扼殺孩子的自尊心和安全感,甚至採取自我破壞和被動的攻擊行為當成報復。
2. 當孩子情緒的奴隸:「不要哭,就帶你去吃麥當勞!」「我買玩具給你就是了,別難過了!」用賄賂、哄勸的方式息事寧人,避免孩子體會不好的情緒,反而讓孩子學會了「情緒勒索」。
3. 男孩別哭:「男子漢不要哭,勇敢一點!」哭泣不是懦弱的象徵,男孩也有各種心理需求。一旦哭的權利被剝奪,男孩的情緒表達就容易出現障礙。
4. 為孩子的情緒貼標籤:「你這個壞孩子,為什麼這麼粗暴?」「真是愛哭鬼!惹人厭!」你貼在孩子身上的「負面標籤」,會輕而易舉的扭曲孩子的自我概念。
5. 流於說教:「你看!我不是早就跟你說過了……」當孩子傷心、難過、生氣的時候,情緒已經主導了全部意識,根本不是灌輸規則與訓誡說教的好時機。
6. 迴力球效應:「你再鬧啊!乾脆把我氣死好了!」在孩子鬧脾氣時,無法保持冷靜,反而回以憤怒,形成「你來我往」的惡性循環,最後「發脾氣也沒什麼大不了」的想法也將深刻在孩子的心上。
7. 阻斷話語:「怎麼垂頭喪氣的?振作一點!」對孩子的情緒視而不見或輕描淡寫,不但阻斷了親子溝通,也讓孩子相信情緒是不受歡迎的,進而築起一道心牆,變成一個對自己和他人的感受都顯得麻木的人。
8. 歸咎他人:「跌倒了不痛!都是地板害的!」當孩子遇到挫折時,為了安撫孩子情緒而歸咎外界環境的做法,會讓孩子無法對自己負責,失去從錯誤中反省學習的機會,容易養成遇到挫折「只會怪別人」的惡習。
爸媽如何當好情緒教練?
孩子情緒學習經驗深受父母的影響,父母同時也是穩定孩子情緒的最主要來源。
根據美國華盛頓大學心理學教授約翰‧高特曼的追蹤調查發現,父母扮演情緒教練的孩子,比較有能力處理自己的情緒,挫折忍受度高,社交能力和學業表現也比較傑出。提高孩子的情緒能力,已成了現代父母的必修課。
三個步驟 破解孩子情緒密碼
培養情緒能力,愈早開始愈好,且要注重方法和技巧。在處理孩子的情緒問題時,父母可採取以下三個步驟:
步驟1:理解、接納孩子的情緒
如果孩子出現情緒反應,父母要先用同理心和傾聽的技巧,接納孩子的情緒。當孩子知道你願意理解他的感受,就會慢慢將心情沉澱下來。
情緒是自然產生的感覺,是一個人對周遭事物的主觀感受,因此沒有對錯之分。它是一種能量,一旦湧現了,絕不會憑空消失,需要有效抒解的管道。
台灣師範大學特殊教育系教授洪儷瑜指出,國人因文化的關係,並不接納負向的情緒。在孩子出現負面的情緒時,大人往往回以「不可以這樣」,或是輕忽壓抑,而不能提供孩子一個實際練習面對和處理負向情緒的機會,或是體會孩子在處理這種情緒時需要一段心理歷程。例如:當我覺得害怕、緊張、擔心、嫉妒時,我覺得如何?我可以怎麼辦?
如此一來,孩子表面上可能沒事,但內心那股「氣」依然存在,「情緒垃圾」愈積愈多,最後一發不可收拾。
不過,同理孩子的情緒,並不代表同意孩子的行為,更不是放任孩子把情緒表現當成工具,對父母予取予求。要讓孩子明白:所有的感覺都是可以被接納的,但是不當的行為必須被規範。
步驟2:協助孩子覺察、表達情緒,並釐清原因
接下來,父母要像一面情緒鏡子,運用言語反映孩子的真實感受,協助孩子覺察、認清自己的情緒,例如:「看你哭得這麼傷心,一定很難過,對不對?」回應孩子的感受,可以讓孩子明瞭自己的感覺。
之後,繼續用開放性的提問方式,例如:「今天是不是發生什麼事了?」協助孩子正確表達情緒,釐清情緒背後的原因。只有找到情緒反應的真正原因,掌握孩子的心理需求,才能對症下藥。
步驟3:引導孩子調整認知,思考解決方案
等孩子情緒緩和下來,引導他調整認知,從另一種角度看待引起他困擾的事情,例如:「玩具被同學不小心弄壞了,你覺得很生氣。但是你打人沒辦法讓玩具恢復原狀。我們一起想想看有沒有更好的方法,好不好?」
四個處方箋 提升情緒力
處方箋1:身心覺察,換個想法更好
情緒管理的基礎是自我覺察。最早提出「EQ」概念的耶魯大學教授彼得‧沙洛維建議父母,要多和孩子談感受,讓孩子和他的「感覺」在一起,問「你現在有什麼感覺?」「哪一種情緒的感受最深刻?」幫孩子把潛藏的感覺引發出來。情緒就像畫家手中的繽紛顏料,唯有自由的經驗各種情緒,才知道如何運用它、調整它。
孩子的情緒反應,特別容易牽動生理的變化,例如:害羞時容易臉紅、緊張時心跳會加速、害怕時會發抖等等。平時多和孩子練習身體放鬆技巧,例如:深呼吸、肌肉放鬆、靜坐等,有助於提高孩子的情緒覺察力,穩定情緒波動。
青少年心理諮商專家蔡秀玲在《情緒管理》提出「每日情緒紀錄表」的做法。父母可陪孩子記錄每日的情緒變化,找出他常有的情緒反應、伴隨的想法及行為,讓孩子了解情緒、想法及行為三者之間的關係,再嘗試換個想法。
例如,孩子和好朋友吵架(事件),覺得既生氣又難過(情緒反應),因為他認為兩人一定不會和好,而他自己再也交不到好朋友(想法),於是跟爸媽說他明天不想去上學(行為)。其實,導致情緒的主因,往往不是「事件」本身,而是自己的「想法」。引導孩子換個角度思考,在想法中少用「一定」、「必須」等字眼,就能降低情緒的強度和影響。
處方箋2:愛與肯定,累積快樂存摺
「正向心理學」之父馬汀‧塞利格曼在《真實的快樂》指出,童年積存的正向情緒,是孩子未來遭遇挫折時可吃的老本。正向情緒可拓展孩子的認知,提升解決問題的能力;相反的,負面情緒會削弱孩子的忍受度。正向的情緒經驗存得愈多,孩子就愈有勇氣面對困境,消除負向情緒。
塞利格曼強調,建構孩子的正向情緒並不是教孩子盲目的樂觀,或者否認、避免負面情緒。充足的安全感、肯定孩子的自我、溫暖熱情的家庭氣氛、無條件的愛但有條件的獎勵,以及許多好事件,都能為孩子架設一張「情緒安全網」。
處方箋3:親子共讀,豐富情緒語彙
研究發現,能夠表達自我感受的孩子,比較不會把情緒反應在行為上,也比較不容易把情緒轉成生理反應。
新罕布夏大學教授約翰.梅耶建議,藉由親子共讀,讓孩子累積豐富多元的「情緒語彙」。情緒語彙幫助孩子標示不同情緒狀態,學習用適切的「字╲語言」描述自己確切的感受。
故事是現實世界的縮影,孩子從故事中辨識不同情緒,了解人們如何處理憤怒、恐懼、快樂及憂傷等不同情緒。藉由讀後討論和角色扮演,父母引導孩子以旁觀者的角度,觀察事情的始末,了解書中人物在哪些情境下、做哪些事,會產生各種不同的情緒反應,學習從他人的角度去思考,尊重自己和他人的感受。
情緒語彙也分不同的強度和層次。例如:孩子說他很「害怕」時,你是否分辨得出他是不安(輕度)、掛心(中下程度)、焦慮(中度)、苦惱(中上程度),還是驚恐(強度)呢?先協助孩子分辨他的情緒落在「情緒座標圖」的哪個點,才能根據程度不同,選擇適當的調節之道。
處方箋4:身教重於一切
良好的典範勝過千言萬語。在處理孩子情緒之前,要先處理好自己的情緒。
洪儷瑜感慨指出,很多父母在處理情緒時經常言行不一,自己的情緒表達方式和孩子一樣,但對於孩子的問題卻一副道德勸說,而導致孩子對於父母的管教失去信心。
孩子透過觀察、模仿,不斷吸收父母因應情緒的風格,在孩子面前適當表現你的情緒益顯重要。
偶爾和孩子分享自己如何從錯誤中學習的往事,也有助於拉近親子之間的距離。
當你坦誠的說「媽媽明天要上台報告,覺得很緊張」時,孩子學會「有情緒是人之常情」;當你遇到挫折,對自己說「沒關係,只要我冷靜下來想清楚,一定有辦法克服」,孩子了解到「自我對話的重要性」
當孩子手中的氣球不慎飄走了,你高興大喊:「你看,氣球媽媽在呼喚它了,趕快和氣球說再見!」原本悲傷的孩子就會發現「轉換情緒帶來的驚奇」。
最後,要提醒家長的是,「EQ教育不是特效藥,而是漢方藥」,孩子的改變需要時間。培養情緒力是一個持續進行的過程,一旦開始,就會漸入佳境。只要父母投入時間和耐心,運用技巧和練習,就能調好孩子的情緒體質,讓孩子知道自己可以有所選擇,做自己情緒的主人。
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